窗口管理器

這可以是桌面環境的一部分，也可以被單獨使用。

注意：Window managers are unique to Xorg. The equivalent of window managers on Wayland are called compositors because they also act as compositing window managers.

Overview

Window managers are X clients that control the appearance and behaviour of the frames ("windows") where the various graphical applications are drawn. They determine the border, title bar, size, and ability to resize windows, and often provide other functionality such as reserved areas for sticking dockapps like Window Maker, or the ability to tab windows like Fluxbox. Some window managers are even bundled with simple utilities like menus to start programs or to configure the window manager itself. The Extended Window Manager Hints specification is used to allow window managers to interact in standard ways with the server and the other clients. Some window managers are developed as part of a more comprehensive desktop environment, usually allowing the other provided applications to better interact with each other, giving a more consistent experience to the user, complete with features like desktop icons, fonts, toolbars, wallpapers, or desktop widgets. Other window managers are instead designed to be used standalone, giving the user complete freedom over the choice of the other applications to be used. This allows the user to create a more lightweight and customized environment, tailored to their own specific needs. "Extras" like desktop icons, toolbars, wallpapers, or desktop widgets, if needed, will have to be added with additional dedicated applications. Some standalone window managers can be also used to replace the default window manager of a desktop environment, just like some desktop environment–oriented window managers can be used standalone too. Prior to installing a window manager, a functional X server installation is required. See Xorg for detailed information.

Types

Stacking (aka floating) window managers provide the traditional desktop metaphor used in commercial operating systems like Windows and macOS. Windows act like pieces of paper on a desk, and can be stacked on top of each other. For available Arch Wiki pages see Category:Stacking window managers.
Tiling window managers "tile" the windows so that none are overlapping. They usually make very extensive use of key-bindings and have less (or no) reliance on the mouse. Tiling window managers may be manual, offer predefined layouts, or both. For available Arch Wiki pages see Category:Tiling window managers.
Dynamic window managers can dynamically switch between tiling or floating window layout. For available Arch Wiki pages see Category:Dynamic window managers.

See Comparison of tiling window managers and Wikipedia:Comparison of X window managers for comparison of window managers.

List of window managers

Stacking window managers

2bwm — Fast floating window manager, with the particularity of having 2 borders, written over the XCB library and derived from mcwm written by Michael Cardell. In 2bwm everything is accessible from the keyboard but a pointing device can be used for move, resize and raise/lower.

https://github.com/venam/2bwm || 2bwm^AUR

9wm — X11 window manager inspired by Plan 9's rio.

https://github.com/9wm/9wm || 9wm^AUR

AfterStep — Originally based on the look and feel of the NeXTStep interface, it provides end users with a consistent, clean, and elegant desktop. The goal of AfterStep development is to provide for flexibility of desktop configuration, improving aesthetics, and efficient use of system resources.

http://www.afterstep.org/ || afterstep^AUR

berry — Bite-sized window manager written in C. It is controlled via a command-line client, allowing users to control windows via a hotkey daemon such as sxhkd or expand functionality via shell scripts. It provides extensible theming options with double borders, title bars, and window text. Berry places new windows in unoccupied spaces and supports virtual desktops.

https://berrywm.org/ || berry^AUR

Blackbox — Fast, lightweight window manager for X, without all those annoying library dependencies. Blackbox is built with C++ and contains completely original code (even though the graphics implementation is similar to that of WindowMaker).

https://github.com/bbidulock/blackboxwm || blackbox^包

Compiz — OpenGL compositing manager that uses GLX_EXT_texture_from_pixmap for binding redirected top-level windows to texture objects. It has a flexible plug-in system and is designed to run well on most graphics hardware.

https://launchpad.net/compiz || compiz^AUR, compiz-core^AUR

CTWM — Claude's Tab Window Manager, based on twm. It provides titlebars, shaped windows, virtual screens (workspaces), several forms of icon management, user-defined macro functions, click-to-type and pointer-driven keyboard focus, and user-specified key and pointer button bindings.

https://www.ctwm.org/ || ctwm^包

cwm — Originally deriving from evilwm, but later re-written from scratch, cwm aims to be simple, and offers helpful features such as searching for windows.

https://github.com/leahneukirchen/cwm || cwm^AUR

eggwm — A lightweight QT4/QT5 window manager.

https://code.google.com/archive/p/eggwm/ || eggwm-qt5^AUR eggwm^AUR

Enlightenment — Enlightenment is not just a window manager for Linux/X11 and others, but also a suite of libraries to help you create beautiful user interfaces with much less work than doing it the old fashioned way and fighting with traditional toolkits, not to mention a traditional window manager.

https://www.enlightenment.org/ || enlightenment^包

evilwm — Minimalist window manager for the X Window System. 'Minimalist' here does not mean it is too bare to be usable – it means it omits a lot of the stuff that make other window managers unusable.

https://www.6809.org.uk/evilwm/ || evilwm^AUR

Fluxbox — Window manager for X that was based on the Blackbox 0.61.1 code. It is very light on resources and easy to handle but yet full of features to make an easy and extremely fast desktop experience. It is built using C++ and licensed under the MIT License.

https://github.com/fluxbox/fluxbox || fluxbox^包

Flwm — Attempt to combine the best ideas from several window managers. The primary influence and code base is from wm2 by Chris Cannam.

https://flwm.sourceforge.net/ || flwm^AUR

FVWM — Powerful ICCCM-compliant multiple virtual desktop window manager for the X Window system. Development is active, and support is excellent.

https://www.fvwm.org/ || fvwm3^AUR

Gala — A beautiful window manager from elementaryos, part of Pantheon. Also as a compositing manager, based on libmutter.

https://launchpad.net/gala || gala^包

Goomwwm — X11 window manager implemented in C as a cleanroom software project. It manages windows in a minimal floating layout, while providing flexible keyboard-driven controls for window switching, sizing, moving, tagging, and tiling. It is also fast, lightweight, modeless, Xinerama-aware, and EWMH compatible wherever possible.

https://github.com/seanpringle/goomwwm || goomwwm^AUR

IceWM — Window manager for X. The goal of IceWM is speed, simplicity, and not getting in the user's way.

https://ice-wm.org/ || icewm^包

jbwm — Based on evilwm, with a minimal configuration size of approximately 16kb, focused on small binary size and usability, incorporating optional title-bars and XFT title-bar font rendering as compile-time options, jbwm also features easier to use keybindings than evilwm.

https://github.com/jefbed/jbwm || jbwm^AUR

JWM — Window manager for X. JWM is written in C and uses only Xlib at a minimum.

https://joewing.net/projects/jwm/ || jwm^AUR

Karmen — Window manager for X, written by Johan Veenhuizen. It is designed to "just work." There is no configuration file and no library dependencies other than Xlib. The input focus model is click-to-focus. Karmen aims at ICCCM and EWMH compliance.

https://karmen.sourceforge.net/ || karmen^AUR

KWin — The standard KDE window manager since KDE 4.0, which is also a compositing manager. This allows KWin to provide advanced graphical effects, similar to Compiz, while also providing all the features from previous KDE releases (such as very good integration with the rest of KDE, advanced configurability, focus stealing prevention, a well-tested window manager, robust handling of misbehaving applications/toolkits, etc.). Also serves as a compositor for Wayland.

https://techbase.kde.org/Projects/KWin || kwin-x11^包

lwm — Window manager for X that tries to keep out of your face. There are no icons, no button bars, no icon docks, no root menus, no nothing: if you want all that, then other programs can provide it. There is no configurability either: if you want that, you want a different window manager; one that helps your operating system in its evil conquest of your disc space and its annexation of your physical memory.

http://www.jfc.org.uk/software/lwm.html || lwm^AUR

Marco — The MATE window manager, fork of Metacity.

https://github.com/mate-desktop/marco || marco^包

Metacity — This window manager strives to be quiet, small, stable, get on with its job, and stay out of your attention. It is used by the legacy GNOME 2 and GNOME flashback sessions, and superseded by Mutter.

https://blogs.gnome.org/metacity/ || metacity^包

MLVWM — Macintosh-Like Virtual Window Manager, an FVWM descendant which attempts to emulate the pre-Mac OS X Macintosh look and feel in its layout and window design.

https://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/~y-miyata/mlvwm.html || mlvwm^AUR

Muffin — Window and compositing manager for Cinnamon. A fork of Mutter, based on Clutter, uses OpenGL. It cannot be used outside of Cinnamon.

https://github.com/linuxmint/muffin/ || muffin^包

MWM — The Motif Window Manager (MWM) is an X window manager based on the Motif toolkit.

https://sourceforge.net/projects/motif/ || openmotif^包

Openbox — Highly configurable window manager with extensive standards support. The *box visual style is well known for its minimalistic appearance. Openbox uses the *box visual style, while providing a greater number of options for theme developers than previous *box implementations. Has been "feature complete" since 2010 but continues to be maintained.

https://openbox.org/ || openbox^包

pawm — Window manager for the X Window system. So it is not a 'desktop' and does not offer you a huge pile of useless options, just the facilities needed to run your X applications and at the same time having a friendly and easy to use interface.

https://www.pleyades.net/david/projects/pawm || pawm^AUR^{[損壞的連結：package not found]}

PekWM — Window manager that once upon a time was based on the aewm++ window manager, but it has evolved enough that it no longer resembles aewm++ at all. It has a much expanded feature-set, including window grouping (similar to Ion, PWM, or Fluxbox), auto-properties, Xinerama, keygrabber that supports keychains, and much more.

https://www.pekwm.org/ || pekwm^包

Sawfish — Extensible window manager using a Lisp-based scripting language. Its policy is very minimal compared to most window managers. Its aim is simply to manage windows in the most flexible and attractive manner possible. All high-level window manager functions are implemented in Lisp for future extensibility or redefinition.

https://sawfish.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page || sawfish^AUR

sowm — Simple Opinionated Window Manager that provides fullscreen toggling, window centering and a mixed workflow (i.e. mouse and keyboard).

https://github.com/dylanaraps/sowm || sowm^AUR

TinyWM — Tiny window manager created as an exercise in minimalism. It may be helpful in learning some of the very basics of creating a window manager. It is comprised of approximately 50 lines of C. There is also a Python version using python-xlib.

http://incise.org/tinywm.html || tinywm^AUR

twm — Simple window manager for X, the default/fallback used by Xorg since 1989. It provides titlebars, shaped windows, several forms of icon management, user-defined macro functions, click-to-type and pointer-driven keyboard focus, and user-specified key and pointer button bindings.

https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/xorg/app/twm/ || xorg-twm^包

ukwm — A lightweight GTK+ window manager, the default window manager for UKUI desktop environment. A fork of Mutter, based on Clutter, uses OpenGL.

https://github.com/ukui/ukwm/ || ukwm^包

UWM — The ultimate window manager for UDE.

https://udeproject.sourceforge.net/ || ude^AUR

WindowLab — Small and simple window manager of novel design. It has a click-to-focus but not raise-on-focus policy, a window resizing mechanism that allows one or many edges of a window to be changed in one action, and an innovative menubar that shares the same part of the screen as the taskbar. Window titlebars are prevented from going off the edge of the screen by constraining the mouse pointer, and when appropriate the pointer is also constrained to the taskbar/menubar in order to make target menu items easier to hit.

https://github.com/nickgravgaard/windowlab || windowlab^AUR

Window Maker — X11 window manager originally designed to provide integration support for the GNUstep Desktop Environment. In every way possible, it reproduces the elegant look and feel of the NEXTSTEP user interface. It is fast, feature rich, easy to configure, and easy to use.

https://windowmaker.org/ || windowmaker^AUR

WM2 — Window manager for X. It provides an unusual style of window decoration and as little functionality as its author feels comfortable with in a window manager. wm2 is not configurable, except by editing the source and recompiling the code, and is really intended for people who do not particularly want their window manager to be too friendly.

https://www.all-day-breakfast.com/wm2/ || wm2^AUR

worm — Worm is a is a dynamic, tag-based window manager for X11. It supports both a floating layout and a master-stack tiling layout and is developed openly. It is also written in the Nim programming language.

https://github.com/codic12/worm || worm^AUR

Xfwm — The Xfce window manager manages the placement of application windows on the screen, provides beautiful window decorations, manages workspaces or virtual desktops and natively supports multi screen mode. It provides its own compositing manager (from the X.Org Composite extension) for true transparency and shadows. The Xfce window manager also includes a keyboard shortcuts editor for user specific commands and basic windows manipulations and provides a preferences dialog for advanced tweaks.

https://docs.xfce.org/xfce/xfwm4/start || xfwm4^包

Tiling window managers

Bspwm — bspwm is a tiling window manager that represents windows as the leaves of a full binary tree. It has support for EWMH and multiple monitors, and is configured and controlled through messages.

https://github.com/baskerville/bspwm || bspwm^包

EXWM — EXWM (Emacs X Window Manager) is a full-featured tiling X window manager for Emacs built on top of XELB. It features fully keyboard-driven operations, hybrid layout modes (tiling & stacking), dynamic workspace support, ICCCM/EWMH compliance, RandR (multi-monitor) support, and a built-in system tray.

https://github.com/emacs-exwm/exwm || emacs-exwm^AUR

Herbstluftwm — Manual tiling window manager for X11 using Xlib and Glib. The layout is based on splitting frames into subframes which can be split again or can be filled with windows (similar to i3/ musca). Tags (or workspaces or virtual desktops or …) can be added/removed at runtime. Each tag contains its own layout. Exactly one tag is viewed on each monitor. The tags are monitor independent (similar to xmonad). It is configured at runtime via ipc calls from herbstclient. So the configuration file is just a script which is run on startup. (similar to wmii/musca).

https://herbstluftwm.org || herbstluftwm^包

i3 — Tiling window manager, completely written from scratch. i3 was created because wmii, the developers' favorite window manager at the time, did not provide some features we wanted (multi-monitor done right, for example), had some bugs, did not progress for quite some time, and was not easy to hack at all (source code comments/documentation completely lacking). Notable differences are in the areas of multi-monitor support and the tree metaphor. For speed the Plan 9 interface of wmii is not implemented.

https://i3wm.org/ || i3-wm^包

Larswm — A tiling window manager based on 9wm.

http://porneia.free.fr/larswm/larswm.html || larswm^AUR

LeftWM — A tiling window manager written in Rust.

https://leftwm.org || leftwm^AUR

Notion — Tiling, tabbed window manager for the X window system that utilizes 'tiles' and 'tabbed' windows.
- Tiling: you divide the screen into non-overlapping 'tiles'. Every window occupies one tile, and is maximized to it
- Tabbing: a tile may contain multiple windows - they will be 'tabbed'.
- Static: most tiled window managers are 'dynamic', meaning they automatically resize and move around tiles as windows appear and disappear. Notion, by contrast, does not automatically change the tiling.

Notion is a fork of Ion3.

https://notionwm.net/ || notion^包

Ratpoison — Simple Window Manager with no fat library dependencies, no fancy graphics, no window decorations, and no rodent dependence. It is largely modeled after GNU Screen which has done wonders in the virtual terminal market. Ratpoison is configured with a simple text file. The information bar in Ratpoison is somewhat different, as it shows only when needed. It serves as both an application launcher as well as a notification bar. Ratpoison does not include a system tray.

https://www.nongnu.org/ratpoison/ || ratpoison^AUR

Stumpwm — Tiling, keyboard driven X11 Window Manager written entirely in Common Lisp. Stumpwm attempts to be customizable yet visually minimal. It does have various hooks to attach your personal customizations, and variables to tweak, and can be reconfigured and reloaded while running. There are no window decorations, no icons and no buttons. Its information bar can be set to show constantly or only when needed.

https://stumpwm.github.io/ || stumpwm^包

ZWM — A minimalistic tiling window manager written in C, it uses the XCB api to communicate with Xorg server. It supports multi-monitors, supports a subset of EWMH specs, and offers extensive configurability.

https://github.com/Yazeed1s/zwm || zwm-git^AUR

Dynamic window managers

awesome — Highly configurable, next generation framework window manager for X. It is very fast, extensible and licensed under the GNU GPLv2 license. Configured in Lua, it has a system tray, information bar, and launcher built in. There are extensions available to it written in Lua. Awesome uses XCB as opposed to Xlib, which may result in a speed increase. Awesome has other features as well, such as an early replacement for notification-daemon, a right-click menu similar to that of the *box window managers, and many other things.

https://awesomewm.org/ || awesome^包

dk — A list based tiling window manager in the vein of dwm, bspwm, and xmonad.

https://bitbucket.org/natemaia/dk/src/master/ || dk^AUR

dwm — Dynamic window manager for X. It manages windows in tiled, monocle and floating layouts. All of the layouts can be applied dynamically, optimising the environment for the application in use and the task performed. Does not include a system tray or automatic launcher, although dmenu integrates well with it, as they are from the same author. It has no text configuration file. Configuration is done entirely by modifying the C source code, and it must be recompiled and restarted each time it is changed.

https://dwm.suckless.org/ || dwm^AUR

echinus — Simple and lightweight tiling and floating window manager for X11. Started as a dwm fork with easier configuration, echinus became full-featured re-parenting window manager with EWMH support. It has an EWMH-compatible panel/taskbar, called ourico^AUR.

http://plhk.ru || echinus^AUR

FrankenWM — Basically monsterwm with floating done right. Features that are added on top of basic mwm include: more layouts (fibonacci, equal stack, dual stack), gaps (and borders) are adjustable on the fly, minimize/maximize single windows, hide/show all windows, resizing master and stack individually, invert stack.

https://github.com/sulami/FrankenWM || frankenwm^AUR

Qtile — Full-featured, hackable tiling window manager written in Python. Qtile is simple, small, and extensible. It is easy to write your own layouts, widgets, and built-in commands.It is written and configured entirely in Python, which means you can leverage the full power and flexibility of the language to make it fit your needs.

https://github.com/qtile/qtile || qtile^包

spectrwm — Small dynamic tiling window manager for X11, largely inspired by xmonad and dwm. It tries to stay out of the way so that valuable screen real estate can be used for much more important stuff. It has sane defaults and is configured with a text file. It was written by hackers for hackers and it strives to be small, compact and fast. It has a built-in status bar fed from a user-defined script.

https://github.com/conformal/spectrwm/ || spectrwm^AUR

Wingo — Fully featured true hybrid window manager that supports per-monitor workspaces, and neither the floating or tiling modes are after thoughts. This allows one to have tiling on one workspace while floating on the other. Wingo can be scripted with its own command language, is completely themeable, and supports user defined hooks. Wingo is written in Go and has no runtime dependencies.

https://github.com/BurntSushi/wingo || wingo-git^AUR

xmonad — Dynamically tiling X11 window manager that is written and configured in Haskell. In a normal WM, you spend half your time aligning and searching for windows. Xmonad makes work easier, by automating this. XMonad is configured in Haskell. For all configuration changes, xmonad must be recompiled, so the Haskell compiler (over 100MB) must be installed. A large library called xmonad-contrib^包 provides many additional features.

https://xmonad.org/ || xmonad^包

概述

窗口管理器是控制繪製各種圖形應用程式的框架（「窗口」）的外觀和行為的 X 客戶端。它們決定窗口的邊框、標題欄、大小和調整大小的能力，並經常提供其他功能，如為粘附像 Window Maker 這樣的 dockapps 保留區域，或像 Fluxbox 那樣為窗口做標籤。一些窗口管理器甚至包含了一些簡單的工具，如啟動程序的菜單或配置窗口管理器本身的工具。

Extended Window Manager Hints 規範用於允許窗口管理器以標準方式與伺服器和其他客戶端進行交互。

一些窗口管理器是作為更全面的桌面環境的一部分而開發的，通常允許提供的其他應用程式更好地相互交互，從而給用戶帶來更一致的體驗，通過桌面圖標、字體、工具欄、牆紙或桌面小部件等功能完善用戶體驗。

其他窗口管理器則被設計成獨立使用，讓用戶完全自由地選擇要使用的其他應用程式。這使得用戶可以根據自己的具體需求，創建一個更加輕量級和個性化的環境。如果需要的話，像桌面圖標、工具欄、牆紙或桌面小部件等「額外的東西」，將需要依賴於額外的專用應用程式。

一些獨立的窗口管理器也可以用來替換桌面環境的默認窗口管理器，就像一些面向桌面環境的窗口管理器也可以獨立使用一樣。

安裝窗口管理器需要能夠正常運行的 X 伺服器。詳細信息請參閱 Xorg。

類型

堆疊（又名懸浮) 窗口管理器提供在 Windows 和 OS X 等商業作業系統中使用的傳統桌面隱喻。不同窗口就像桌子上的白紙一樣，且可以相互重疊。有關可用的 Arch Wiki 頁面，請參見分類:堆疊式窗口管理器。
平鋪窗口管理器「平鋪」窗口，以便沒有重疊。他們通常非常廣泛地使用鍵綁定，並且對滑鼠的依賴較少（或不依賴）。平鋪窗口管理器可以是手動的，也可以提供預定義的布局，甚至兩者兼而有之。有關可用的 Arch Wiki 頁面請參見分類:平鋪式窗口管理器。
動態窗口管理器可以在平鋪或堆疊窗口布局之間動態切換。有關可用的 Arch Wiki 頁面請參見分類:動態窗口管理器。

有關窗口管理器的比較，請參見平鋪窗口管理器對比和 Wikipedia:窗口管理器對比。